If You Know an Oxide of Tin Is 78%

Chemical compound known as stannic oxide, cassiterite and tin ore

Can(IV) oxide

Names
IUPAC proper noun Tin (IV) Oxide
Other names Stannic oxide, Tin(IV) oxide, Flowers of can,[1] Cassiterite
Identifiers
CAS Number	18282-ten-5 Y 13472-47-four (hydrate) N
3D model (JSmol)	(O=Sn=O): Interactive image
ChemSpider	26988 N
ECHA InfoCard	100.038.311
EC Number	242-159-0
PubChem CID	29011
RTECS number	XQ4000000
UNII	KM7N50LOS6 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8042474
InChI InChI=1S/2O.Sn N Central: XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
SMILES (O=Sn=O): O=[Sn]=O
Properties
Chemical formula	O ii Sn
Molar mass	150.708 grand·mol−ane
Appearance	Yellowish or light grey powder[2]
Odor	Odorless
Density	6.95 g/cmiii (20 °C)[3] half-dozen.85 g/cmiii (24 °C)[4]
Melting point	ane,630 °C (2,970 °F; 1,900 K)[3] [4]
Boiling signal	1,800–i,900 °C (3,270–3,450 °F; 2,070–two,170 Yard) Sublimes[3]
Solubility in water	Insoluble[4]
Solubility	Soluble in hot concentrated alkalis,[4] concentrated acids Insoluble in alcohol[3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−4.1·10−5 cm3/mol[four]
Refractive index (north D)	2.006[5]
Structure
Crystal construction	Rutile tetragonal, tP6[six]
Infinite group	P4ii/mnm, No. 136[6]
Point group	iv/m ii/m 2/m[6]
Lattice constant	a = 4.737 Å, c = 3.185 Å[vi] α = 90°, β = ninety°, γ = xc°
Coordination geometry	Octahedral (Snfour+) Trigonal planar (O2−)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	52.half dozen J/mol·K[4]
Std molar entropy (S o 298)	49.04 J/mol·1000[four] [seven]
Std enthalpy of formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)	−577.63 kJ/mol[4] [seven]
Gibbs free energy (Δf K˚)	−515.8 kJ/mol[4]
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	[8] 1 0 0
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	> 20 chiliad/kg (rats, oral)[8]
NIOSH (United states of america health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	none[2]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 2 mg/m3 [2]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	N.D.[2]
Condom data canvas (SDS)	ICSC 0954
Related compounds
Related can oxides	Tin can(II) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard country (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Nverify (what is Y North  ?)
Infobox references

Chemic compound

Tin(Iv) oxide, also known as stannic oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula SnO_two . The mineral form of SnO₂ is called cassiterite, and this is the main ore of tin.^[nine] With many other names, this oxide of can is an important fabric in tin chemistry. It is a colourless, diamagnetic, amphoteric solid.

Structure [edit]

Tin(Iv) oxide crystallises with the rutile structure. As such the can atoms are six coordinate and the oxygen atoms 3 coordinate.^[nine] SnO₂ is unremarkably regarded equally an oxygen-deficient n-type semiconductor.^[10]

Hydrous forms of SnO₂ have been described every bit stannic acid. Such materials announced to exist hydrated particles of SnO_ii where the limerick reflects the particle size.^[11]

Preparation [edit]

Tin(Iv) oxide occurs naturally. Synthetic tin(Iv) oxide is produced by burning can metallic in air.^[11] Annual production is in the range of 10 kilotons.^[11] SnO₂ is reduced industrially to the metal with carbon in a reverberatory furnace at 1200–1300 °C.^[12]

Amphoterism [edit]

Although SnO₂ is insoluble in water, it is amphoteric, dissolving in base and acrid.^[13] "Stannic acid" refers to hydrated tin (IV) oxide, SnO_two, which is likewise called "stannic oxide."

Tin oxides dissolve in acids. Element of group vii acids assault SnO₂ to give hexahalostannates,^[xiv] such as [SnI₆]²⁻. Ane report describes reacting a sample in refluxing Hullo for many hours.^[15]

SnO_two + 6 HI → H_iiSnI₆ + ii H₂O

Similarly, SnO_ii dissolves in sulfuric acid to requite the sulfate:^[11]

SnO₂ + 2 H_twoAnd then₄ → Sn(SO₄)₂ + 2 H_twoO

SnO_two dissolves in potent bases to give "stannates," with the nominal formula Na_iiSnO₃.^[11] Dissolving the solidified SnO_ii/NaOH melt in water gives Na₂[Sn(OH)_six], "preparing common salt," which is used in the dye manufacture.^[11]

Uses [edit]

In conjunction with vanadium oxide, it is used as a goad for the oxidation of effluvious compounds in the synthesis of carboxylic acids and acid anhydrides.^[ix]

Ceramic glazes [edit]

Tin(IV) oxide has long been used as an opacifier and equally a white colorant in ceramic glazes.'The Glazer's Book' – 2nd edition. A.B.Searle.The Technical Printing Express. London. 1935. This has probably led to the discovery of the paint lead-can-yellow, which was produced using tin(4) oxide as a compound.^[16] The use of tin(IV) oxide has been particularly common in glazes for earthenware, sanitaryware and wall tiles; see the articles tin-glazing and Tin can-glazed pottery. Tin oxide remains in suspension in vitreous matrix of the fired glazes, and, with its high refractive index existence sufficiently different from the matrix, light is scattered, and hence increases the opacity of the glaze. The degree of dissolution increases with the firing temperature, and hence the extent of opacity diminishes.^[17] Although dependent on the other constituents the solubility of can oxide in glaze melts is by and large low. Its solubility is increased past Na_iiO, K₂O and B₂O₃, and reduced by CaO, BaO, ZnO, Al_twoO₃, and to a limited extent PbO.^[18]

SnO_ii has been used every bit pigment in the manufacture of glasses, enamels and ceramic glazes. Pure SnO₂ gives a milky white color; other colours are achieved when mixed with other metallic oxides eastward.chiliad. V₂O_v yellow; Cr₂O₃ pink; and Sb₂O_five grey blue.^[xi]

Dyes [edit]

This oxide of tin has been utilized as a mordant in the dyeing procedure since ancient Arab republic of egypt.^[19] A High german by the proper name of Kuster offset introduced its utilise to London in 1533 and by ways of information technology alone, the color scarlet was produced there.^[20]

Polishing [edit]

Tin(Four) oxide can be used as a polishing powder,^[11] sometimes in mixtures as well with atomic number 82 oxide, for polishing glass, jewelry, marble and silvery.^[1] Tin(IV) oxide for this use is sometimes chosen as "putty powder"^[13] or "jeweler's putty".^[one]

Glass coatings [edit]

SnO_two coatings can exist applied using chemical vapor deposition, vapour deposition techniques that employ SnCl₄ ^[nine] or organotin trihalides^[21] e.g. butyltin trichloride as the volatile agent. This technique is used to coat glass bottles with a thin (<0.1 μm) layer of SnO₂, which helps to adhere a subsequent, protective polymer coating such every bit polyethylene to the glass.^[9]

Thicker layers doped with Sb or F ions are electrically conducting and used in electroluminescent devices and photovoltaics.^[9]

Gas sensing [edit]

SnO₂ is used in sensors of combustible gases including carbon monoxide detectors. In these the sensor area is heated to a abiding temperature (few hundred °C) and in the presence of a combustible gas the electrical resistivity drops.^[22] Room temperature gas sensors are also beingness developed using reduced graphene oxide-SnO_two composites(e.k. for ethanol detection).^[23]

Doping with diverse compounds has been investigated (east.g. with CuO^[24]). Doping with cobalt and manganese, gives a textile that can exist used in e.g. high voltage varistors.^[25] Tin can(IV) oxide tin can be doped with the oxides of iron or manganese.^[26]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Material Name: stannic oxide". Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2007-02-10. Archived from the original on 2012-xi-04. Retrieved 2013-03-29 .
2. ^ ^{a b c d} NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemic Hazards. "#0616". National Plant for Occupational Rubber and Wellness (NIOSH).
3. ^ ^{a b c d} CID 29011 from PubChem
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f grand h i} Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN978-ane-4200-9084-0.
5. ^ Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 940. ISBN0-07-049439-8.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Baur, Westward.H. (1956). "Über dice Verfeinerung der Kristallstrukturbestimmung einiger Vertreter des Rutiltyps: TiO₂, SnO₂, GeO₂ und MgF₂". Acta Crystallographica. ix (6): 515–520. doi:10.1107/S0365110X56001388.
7. ^ ^{a b} Stannic oxide in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Plant of Standards and Applied science, Gaithersburg (MD), http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-07-04)
8. ^ ^{a b} "MSDS of Tin(Iv) oxide". fishersci.ca. Fisher Scientific. Retrieved 2014-07-04 .
9. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 447–48. ISBN978-0-08-022057-4.
10. ^ Solid Country Chemical science: An Introduction Lesley Smart, Elaine A. Moore (2005) CRC Press ISBN 0-7487-7516-1
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Printing/De Gruyter, ISBN0-12-352651-5
12. ^ Tin: Inorganic chemical science,J L Wardell, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry ed R. Bruce Rex, John Wiley & Son Ltd., (1995) ISBN 0-471-93620-0
13. ^ ^{a b} Inorganic & Theoretical chemistry, F. Sherwood Taylor, Heineman, sixth Edition (1942)
14. ^ Donaldson & Grimes in Chemical science of tin can ed. P.G. Harrison Blackie (1989)
15. ^ Earle R. Caley (1932). "The Action Of Hydriodic Acrid On Stannic Oxide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54 (8): 3240–3243. doi:10.1021/ja01347a028.
16. ^ Hermann Kühn, 1967, "Blei-Zinn-Gelb und seine Verwendung in der Malerei", Farbe und Lack 73: 938-949
17. ^ 'A Treatise On Ceramic Industries.' E.Bourry. Fourth edition. Scott, Greenwood & son. London. 1926.
18. ^ 'Ceramic Glazes' Third edition. C.W.Parmelee & C.M.Harman. Cahners Books, Boston, Massachusetts. 1973.
19. ^ Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe History of Chemistry (1909) Vol. 1, pp. eleven-12.
20. ^ Thomas Mortimer, A Full general Dictionary of Commerce, Trade, and Manufactures (1810) "Dying or Dyeing"
21. ^ Usa 4130673, Larkin, William A., "Procedure of applying tin oxide on drinking glass using butyltin trichloride", published 1978-12-19, assigned to Grand & T Chemicals Inc.
22. ^ Joseph Watson The stannic oxide semiconductor gas sensor in The Electrical engineering Handbook 3d Edition; Sensors Nanoscience Biomedical Technology and Instruments ed R.C Dorf CRC Press Taylor and Francis ISBN 0-8493-7346-8
23. ^ Jayaweera, M.T.V.P., De Silva, R.C.50., Kottegoda, I.R.Grand. and Rosa, S.R.D., 2015. Synthesis, label and ethanol vapor sensing performance of SnO2/Graphene blended picture show. Sri Lankan Periodical of Physics, 15, pp.1–10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/sljp.v15i0.6345
24. ^ Wang, Chun-Ming; Wang, Jin-Feng; Su, Wen-Bin (2006). "Microstructural Morphology and Electric Properties of Copper- and Niobium-Doped Tin (Four) oxide Polycrystalline Varistors". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 89 (8): 2502–2508. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01076.x. [1]
25. ^ Dibb A.; Cilense One thousand; Bueno P.R; Maniette Y.; Varela J.A.; Longo E. (2006). "Evaluation of Rare Earth Oxides doping SnO_ii.(Co_0.25,Mn_0.75)O-based Varistor System". Materials Research. 9 (three): 339–343. doi:10.1590/S1516-14392006000300015.
26. ^ A. Punnoose; J. Hays; A. Thurber; M. H. Engelhard; R. G. Kukkadapu; C. Wang; V. Shutthanandan & South. Thevuthasan (2005). "Evolution of high-temperature ferromagnetism in SnO2 and paramagnetism in SnO past Fe doping". Phys. Rev. B. 72 (eight): 054402. doi:ten.1103/PhysRevB.72.054402.

Further reading [edit]

• "How Pilkington Energy Advantage™ Low-Due east Drinking glass Works" (PDF). Pilkington Group Express. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 2012-12-02 . ^{[ permanent dead link ]} Technical discussion of how SnO_two:F is used in low-emissivity (low-E) windows. The report includes reflectance and transmittance spectra.
• "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Tin can(IV) oxide (as Sn)". Centers for Illness Command and Prevention. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 2013-11-05 . Information on chemic rubber and exposure limits

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide